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Wednesday, January 31, 2018

Herding Hemingway's Cats by Kat Arney

Kat Arney has written a very good book on genes and gene expression. She covers all the important controversies in a thorough and thoughtful manner.

Kat Arney is a science writer based in the UK. She has a Ph.D. from the University of Cambridge where she worked on epigenetics and regulation in mice. She also did postdoc work at Imperial College in London. Her experience in the field of molecular biology and gene expression shows up clearly in her book where she demonstrates the appropriate skepticism and critical thinking in her coverage of the major advances in the field.

Most of the 22 chapters focus on a particular scientist and they are usually accompanied by direct quotes from her interviews with these scientists. The chapter on Mark Ptashne alone is worth the price of the book. With this book Kat Arney establishes herself as a first-class science writer in the style of Carl Zimmer (and others) where the focus is on individual scientists who are doing the research.

Here's an example from Chapter 5 ...

When I arrive at Mark Ptashne's swanky Fifth Avenue apartment block in Manhattan, right next to Central Park, the doorman is apologetic. The entry phone doesn't work properly, so he asks if I can use my phone to call the apartment. I point out that I'm using a UK mobile and it will cost me five dollars. As we work out the best way to contact my interviewee up on the 12th floor, the man tells me, 'I knew as soon as you walked in the door you would be for him.' 'Is it because I look a bit nerdy?' I ask, laughing nervously. I'm not at my best after a humid September morning spent getting lost in the park—hair frizzed up, glasses slipping down my sweaty nose and carrying my trademark geek's backpack. 'No, no—it's because he always has nice visitors! Tell you what, just head up and knock.'

Kat is no pushover when it comes to describing the science. Here's an example from the chapter on epigenetics. It's based on her deep understanding of the subject ... an understanding that's often missing when other science writers talk about epigenetics.
There's a literal fly in the ointment here too: fruit flies only have a teeny, tiny bit of DNA methylation, nematode worms don't really have any either, and yeast has none, as researchers working on these organisms are keen to smugly point out at every opportunity. So whatever DNA methylation is doing, it can't be fundamental to life. So is DNA methylation actually doing anything? Or ... is it just a marker reflecting other changes?
I agree with almost everything Kat Arney says in her book, which is why I highly recommend it! However, there's one place where her skepticism fails her and that's on the subject of alternative splicing. Don't let that dissuade you from ordering her book right now. It's the only way you're going to find out what it has to do with Hemingway's cats.


13 comments :

Unknown said...

Even though I have no idea about epigenetics yet, and I don't know about Hemingway's cats, it's good to finally see your first post this year. Wishing you, Mr Sandwalk aka Larry Moran,a Belated Happy New Year.

Mikkel Rumraket Rasmussen said...

How's your own book coming along Larry? Good to see you back to blogging btw.

S.H. said...

Thanks for pointing out to this book. If you appreciate Mark Ptashne, it seems we agree. Except:

"...With this book Kat Arney establishes herself as a first-class science writer in the style of Carl Zimmer"
-- I would say Carl Zimmer is a solid reinforcer of mainstream thinking - not very imaginative. But Mark Ptashne is one of the few molecular biologists who see's through it: The epigenetics hype is a misguided attempt to rescue a type of reductionist thinking in which a cause is reduced to some molecular entity.

What matters however is the concerted action of genes that coordinate their expression via transcription factors. Production of a complex phenotype must involve TRANS, and only TFs can do that. DNA methylation is a CIS mechanism that most likely just reflects gene activation status -
and perhaps modulates the detailed kinetics...

Joe Felsenstein said...

I would say Carl Zimmer is a solid reinforcer of mainstream thinking - not very imaginative. But Mark Ptashne is one of the few molecular biologists who see's through it: The epigenetics hype is a misguided attempt to rescue a type of reductionist thinking in which a cause is reduced to some molecular entity.

Has Carl Zimmer hyped epigenetics? I don't recall him doing so. He was also one of the few popular science writers not to endorse ENCODE's claims of the death of Junk DNA.

Mikkel Rumraket Rasmussen said...

"I would say Carl Zimmer is a solid reinforcer of mainstream thinking - not very imaginative."

I would just call that being properly skeptical and cautious in light of hype the data has yet to support.

Faizal Ali said...

I don't know if imagination is high on my list of characteristics I want in a science writer. The folks who write for "Evolution News" are usually highly imaginative.

Tom Mueller said...

Amen to all what Larry and Joe just said

Larry already mentioned this particular citation of Mark Ptashne in an earlier thread

http://www.pnas.org/content/110/18/7101

where Ptashne contradicts conventional confusion as illustrated here

http://www.pnas.org/content/110/9/3209

Speaking as a high school teacher – I must say that confusion abounds among teachers and introductory textbook authors. It would seem that conventional wisdom mistakenly considers all instances of DNA methylation as some version of epigenetics and imprinting.

FTR – Welcome back Larry! Speaking for myself – you were missed!

Tom Mueller said...

Ptashne makes an interesting point:

I ignore DNA methylation in the remainder of this article because its possible role in development remains unclear, and it does not exist in, for example, flies and worms—model organisms the study of which has taught us much of what we know about development.

Of course, the logical possibility still exists that (DNA Methylation as “Epignetics”) remains important in Deuterostome gene regulation (us for example) and differs from Ecdysozoan gene regulation (Drosophila and Nematodes). However, Ptashne’s cogent invocation of Okham’s razor together with his elaborate and insightful rebuttal would prove otherwise.

It becomes obvious to an informed reader, that DNA Methylation is a secondary result of and not a primary cause of “Epigenetics” whatever that inchoate term is supposed to mean any more. Global Gene Regulation is just that and nothing more.

The historical context I find particularly fascinating is that Ptashne’s description of so -called “commitment steps” i.e. self-perpetuating responses, required long after the triggering stimulus is removed and how these responses occur as a result of positive feedback as well as double-negative feedback mechanisms … were … (drum roll please) …

were all suggested by Jacob & Monod back in 1961
http://tinyurl.com/pqx4jom

James Ferrell does an excellent job of elucidating some of the current understanding of these concepts.
http://www.medicine.mcgill.ca/physio/mackeylab/courses_mackey/pdf_files/ferrell_2002.pdf

Ptashne’s frustration is palpable… exasperation actually. I can relate. Recent advances in technology have given rise to a whole new generation of “DNA–chompers” who have had little, if any, training in classical genetics. They are essentially reinventing the wheel! According to Ptashne, this younger generation of DNA-chompers would not be getting some of their “facts” wrong (in this case the Epigenetics story) if only they paid better attention to the work of their predecessors

Tom Mueller said...

Regarding Carl Zimmer on this topic

After some cursory google-whacking: it seems pretty obvious that he has NOT jumped on any bandwagon

http://www.carlzimmer.com/articles/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1471018161&archive=&start_from=&ucat=19&

Already back in 2012, Zimmer commented on Nessa Carey's book "The Epigenetics Revolution"

http://carlzimmer.com/articles/index.php?subaction=showfull&id=1331674644&archive=&start_from=&ucat=15

Check out the last two paragraphs. I think it fair to say that Zimmer is innocent of "hype"

S Johnson said...

A little disconcerted by the comparison to Carl Zimmer. My last memory of Zimmer was a big article reviewing all the ways human blood groups might be adaptive, but never considering the possibilities of random genetic drift. Happily, this one is actually available on interlibrary loan, so I don't have to gamble any money.

As to whether not hyping epigenetics is a good thing? As near as I can tell, a double commitment to panadaptationism and gene selection is close to universal in pop science writing. But any epigenetics seems to challenge this view. Not hyping epigenetics=defending this panadaptation by gene selection?

Aceofspades said...

I used to listen to her podcast "naked genetics" and some of her early stuff was a bit cringey where she would allow the scientists she interviews to make extravagant claims about "the dark matter of the genome" and how most of our genome is functional and we just don't know what it does yet. It irked me that she wouldn't push back or challenge these claims and it felt as if at time she was just going along with it and agreeing with her guests.

But her book sets a very different tone where she interviews guests skeptical of the ENCODE results.

I've had the privilege of asking her about her views on pervasive function in a guest lecture she gave to a local skeptics in the pub meeting and I'm please to say that she does seem to be a lot more skeptical these days on claims of pervasive function.

Tom Mueller said...

Just stumbled across an interesting article in the popular presse which offers an interesting challenge to oversimplifications rampant in textbook orthodoxy

Cannot say I am convinced - but have to admit it offers interesting pause to ponder.

https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidgrainger/2018/01/24/the-cult-of-dna-centricity/#4cc6384c202b

Larry Moran said...

Biology is complicated. One can IMAGINE all sorts of things. Some of them might turn out to be true in rare and unusual circumstances. That does not mean we need to reject all the fundamental concepts and principles that have been worked out over the past 60 years.